Signaling Pathway
Biosynthesis Pathway
XopD
Kim et al., 2013 showed that XopD is a type III secreted effector from Xanthomonas euvesicatoria that targets the ethylene-inducible transcription factor, SIEFR4. Targeting SIERF4 results in inhibition of ethylene production and an increase in pathogen virulence.
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B. cinerea (Targeting ACS genes)
Han et al., 2010 showed that after infection with Botrytis cinerea, B. cinerea, isoforms of ACS genes (ACS2 and ACS6) are up-regulated through a mechanism controlled by mitogen activated protein kinases to increase ethylene production and promote pathogen growth.
Pst DC3000
After inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Pst DC3000, studies reviewed by Broekaert et al., 2006 have shown genes encoding ACO genes are down-resulted resulting in a decrease in ethylene biosynthesis.
B. cinerea (Targeting ACO genes)
Blanco-Ulate et al., 2013 showed that after infection with Botrytis cinerea, B. cinerea, genes encoding ACO are up-regulated resulting in increased ethylene synthesis and increased pathogen growth.
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ET signaling pathway: ET signaling starts when ET binds to one or more of its hybrid histidine kinase receptors ETR1, ETR2, ERS1, ERS2, or EIN4 located on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This inhibits CTR1, a downstream protein Ser/Thr kinase, which typically acts as a negative regulator of ET signaling. When CTR1 is inhibited this suppresses its ability to phosphorylate EIN2, a major positive regulator in the ET pathway. Lack of EIN2 phosphorylation leads to a translocation event of the C-terminus to the nucleus to form a stabilization of EIN3/EIL transcription factors. When EIN3/EIL are stabilized then transcription of ET-regulated genes is activated. Arrows indicate positive interaction; blunt-end indicates negative interaction (inhibition).
ET biosynthetic pathway: The amino acid methionine is first converted to SAM, S-adenosylmethionine, by the SAMS. SAM is then converted to ACC, 1-aminocycloproprane-1-carboylic acid, by the enzyme ACS which is considered to be the most rate-limiting step. ACC is then converted to ET by the enzyme ACO. Arrows indicate positive interaction; blunt-end indicates negative interaction (inhibition).
